Electro-physiology and electro-therapeutics : showing the best methods for the medical uses of electricity / By Alfred C. Garratt.

other structures. If even excess of water alone is taken, the excess is thrown out, partly at least, by endosmotic laws, not yet clearly defined or applied. How the quantity of sub- stances to be thrown out is determined, I do not yet distinctly see. As far as I can understand, it only adds to the difficulty, to say that the wwvitalized portion of the food or water is thrown out, whilst that portion which is vitalized, remains in the blood. Where, and why, uric acid is formed directly from the food, seem to me questions more likely to be solved by keeping them distinct from questions of vitalizations." Long ago, Dr. Prout most fully recognized the fact that the food not only nourishes the body, but, when an. excess of it is taken, it passes off, in part at least, in the urine. That this double relation of the urine exists, I have also proved to myself, in opposition to the theories I had formed. The facts, then, are these : food makes blood; blood makes muscle ; this, when used, returns in a different form into the blood again, and passes out by the breath and urine. This is the first and most healthy systemic or larger circle. The ** second less healthy relation is caused by excess of food, or diminished wants of the system, as from various causes. This circle is smaller. The excess passes directly into the blood from the stomach, and passes out by the breath and urine. Dr. Jones then, in conclusion, says, " I will rapidly run over the general mode of proceeding in an ordinary examination of the urine. The urine cannot be well seen unless in a trans- parent vessel. A six-ounce vial, filled with the urine, and sediment, if there be any, will be sufficient for every purpose. If possible, the urine should be put into the bottle as soon as it is passed. The first test to be used is litmus paper. The ques- tion you ask is, What is the state as regards acidity, not as to the quality only, but as to the quantity ? Is it too much or too little acid ? Litmus paper cannot fully answer this question. It can tell whether the urine is ammoniacal, or alkaline from fixed alkali, or contains little or much acid, but it cannot tell whether the acidity is more than it should be. Simple inspec- tion of the urine is able to solve this question, and that better than any other mode whatever. There cannot be an excess of